Зачем нужна косвенная речь
Why Reported Speech Matters
Косвенная речь нужна, чтобы пересказать чужие слова. В русском: «Он сказал: "Я устал"» → «Он сказал, что устал». В английском та же идея, но с обязательным сдвигом времён.
Сдвиг времён
The Tense Shift
Когда глагол в главном предложении стоит в прошедшем времени (said, told, asked), время в косвенной речи «отъезжает назад»:
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь | |---|---| | Present Simple: "I work here." | Past Simple: He said he worked there. | | Past Simple: "I saw him." | Past Perfect: She said she had seen him. | | Present Continuous: "I am waiting." | Past Continuous: He said he was waiting. | | Present Perfect: "I have finished." | Past Perfect: She said she had finished. | | will | would: He said he would call. | | can | could: She said she could help. | | may | might: He said it might rain. |
Say vs Tell
Say vs Tell
Say — просто говорить (без указания, кому):
- He said (that) he was tired.
- She said the film was boring.
Tell — говорить кому-то (обязательно нужно дополнение):
- He told me (that) he was tired.
- She told us the film was boring.
❌ He told that he was tired. ✅ He said that he was tired. / He told me that he was tired.
Изменение местоимений и обстоятельств
Pronoun and Expression Changes
При переводе в косвенную речь меняются не только времена, но и местоимения и указатели времени/места:
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь | |---|---| | I / we | he/she / they | | my / our | his/her / their | | here | there | | now | then | | today | that day | | yesterday | the day before | | tomorrow | the next day / the following day | | this | that | | these | those |
Вопросы в косвенной речи
Reported Questions
Вопросы в косвенной речи — самая сложная часть. Порядок слов становится прямым:
Общие вопросы (yes/no) — вводятся через if / whether:
- "Are you coming?" → He asked if I was coming.
- "Do you speak English?" → She asked whether I spoke English.
Специальные вопросы — вводятся через вопросительное слово, порядок слов прямой:
- "Where do you live?" → He asked where I lived. (do исчезает!)
- "What have you done?" → She asked what I had done.
- "Why did you leave?" → He asked why I had left.
Просьбы и приказы
Requests and Orders
Просьбы и приказы передаются через told/asked + to-infinitive:
- "Close the door." → He told me to close the door.
- "Please help me." → She asked me to help her.
- "Don't be late." → He told me not to be late.
Тест
Test Yourself
Переведите в косвенную речь:
- "I live in Moscow." (He said...) → He said he lived in Moscow.
- "I will call you." (She said...) → She said she would call me.
- "Are you tired?" (He asked...) → He asked if I was tired.
- "Where did you go?" (She asked...) → She asked where I had gone.
- "Don't touch that." (He told me...) → He told me not to touch that.
- "I have never been to London." (She said...) → She said she had never been to London.
Косвенная речь подробно разбирается в уровне B1 с диалогами и упражнениями.