Страдательный залог в английском — просто и с примерами

Что такое страдательный залог

What Is the Passive Voice

В активном залоге подлежащее выполняет действие. В страдательном — подлежащее получает действие.

• Активный: Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. (Шекспир написал Гамлета)
• Страдательный: Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. (Гамлет был написан Шекспиром)

В русском языке та же разница: «Кот поймал мышь» vs «Мышь была поймана котом». Логика идентична — только форма другая.

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Формула: be + V3

The Formula

Страдательный залог = форма глагола to be + причастие прошедшего времени (V3)

| Время | Активный | Страдательный | |---|---|---| | Present Simple | They make cars here. | Cars are made here. | | Past Simple | Someone stole my phone. | My phone was stolen. | | Future Simple | They will deliver it tomorrow. | It will be delivered tomorrow. | | Present Perfect | They have cancelled the flight. | The flight has been cancelled. | | Present Continuous | They are building a new road. | A new road is being built. | | Past Continuous | They were filming a movie. | A movie was being filmed. | | Modal verbs | You must sign this. | This must be signed. |

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Когда использовать пассив

When to Use Passive

1. Исполнитель неизвестен:

• My car was stolen last night.
• The window has been broken.

2. Исполнитель очевиден или неважен:

• He was arrested. (понятно, что полицией)
• The road is being repaired. (понятно, что рабочими)

3. Официальный или научный стиль:

• The results were recorded and analysed.
• Patients are advised to consult a doctor.

4. Фокус на действии, а не на исполнителе:

• English is spoken in 67 countries.
• The Eiffel Tower was built in 1889.

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By — кем выполнено действие

By — The Agent

Если нужно указать исполнителя — используйте by:

• The novel was written by Dostoevsky.
• The painting was created by an unknown artist.
• I was taught English by a Canadian teacher.

Без by — исполнитель неважен или неизвестен. С by — мы специально его называем.

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Типичные ошибки

Common Mistakes

❌ The letter was wrote yesterday. ✅ The letter was written yesterday. (нужно V3, не V2)

❌ The book is been translated. ✅ The book has been translated. (Present Perfect passive: have/has + been + V3)

❌ My phone was stolen by someone. ✅ My phone was stolen. («кем-то» не несёт информации — by someone лишнее)

❌ English is spoken by people in many countries. ✅ English is spoken in many countries. (by people очевидно и лишнее)

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✏️ Try It — Попробуй сам

Part 1 — Convert to passive voice

Rewrite each sentence in the passive. The agent (by whom) is only needed if it adds useful information.

Перепиши предложение в страдательном залоге. Указывай исполнителя (by...) только если это важно.

1. They built this bridge in 1920. →
2. Someone has eaten my sandwich. →
3. They are repairing the road. →
4. You must return the books. →
5. They will announce the results tomorrow. →
6. Nobody has cleaned this room. →

Part 2 — Spot the mistake

Each sentence has one error. Find and correct it.

В каждом предложении одна ошибка. Найди и исправь её.

7. The letter was wrote by my assistant.
8. My car is been repaired at the moment.
9. English is spoken by people everywhere.
10. This film was made by someone in 1999.

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Answers — Ответы

Part 1

1. This bridge was built in 1920.
2. My sandwich has been eaten.
3. The road is being repaired.
4. The books must be returned.
5. The results will be announced tomorrow.
6. This room has not been cleaned.

Part 2

7. ~~was wrote~~ → was written (need past participle V3, not past simple V2)
8. ~~is been~~ → is being (present continuous passive: is + being + V3)
9. ~~by people everywhere~~ → remove "by people" — it adds no information
10. ~~by someone~~ → remove "by someone" — anonymous agent adds nothing

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Страдательный залог разбирается в деталях на уровне B1 с интерактивными упражнениями.

→ Начать B1 бесплатно