Что такое страдательный залог
What Is the Passive Voice
В активном залоге подлежащее выполняет действие. В страдательном — подлежащее получает действие.
- Активный: Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. (Шекспир написал Гамлета)
- Страдательный: Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. (Гамлет был написан Шекспиром)
В русском языке та же разница: «Кот поймал мышь» vs «Мышь была поймана котом». Логика идентична — только форма другая.
Формула: be + V3
The Formula
Страдательный залог = форма глагола to be + причастие прошедшего времени (V3)
| Время | Активный | Страдательный | |---|---|---| | Present Simple | They make cars here. | Cars are made here. | | Past Simple | Someone stole my phone. | My phone was stolen. | | Future Simple | They will deliver it tomorrow. | It will be delivered tomorrow. | | Present Perfect | They have cancelled the flight. | The flight has been cancelled. | | Present Continuous | They are building a new road. | A new road is being built. | | Past Continuous | They were filming a movie. | A movie was being filmed. | | Modal verbs | You must sign this. | This must be signed. |
Когда использовать пассив
When to Use Passive
1. Исполнитель неизвестен:
- My car was stolen last night.
- The window has been broken.
2. Исполнитель очевиден или неважен:
- He was arrested. (понятно, что полицией)
- The road is being repaired. (понятно, что рабочими)
3. Официальный или научный стиль:
- The results were recorded and analysed.
- Patients are advised to consult a doctor.
4. Фокус на действии, а не на исполнителе:
- English is spoken in 67 countries.
- The Eiffel Tower was built in 1889.
By — кем выполнено действие
By — The Agent
Если нужно указать исполнителя — используйте by:
- The novel was written by Dostoevsky.
- The painting was created by an unknown artist.
- I was taught English by a Canadian teacher.
Без by — исполнитель неважен или неизвестен. С by — мы специально его называем.
Типичные ошибки
Common Mistakes
❌ The letter was wrote yesterday. ✅ The letter was written yesterday. (нужно V3, не V2)
❌ The book is been translated. ✅ The book has been translated. (Present Perfect passive: have/has + been + V3)
❌ My phone was stolen by someone. ✅ My phone was stolen. («кем-то» не несёт информации — by someone лишнее)
❌ English is spoken by people in many countries. ✅ English is spoken in many countries. (by people очевидно и лишнее)
Тест: переведите в страдательный залог
Test: Convert to Passive
- They built this bridge in 1920. → This bridge was built in 1920.
- Someone has eaten my sandwich. → My sandwich has been eaten.
- They are repairing the road. → The road is being repaired.
- You must return the books. → The books must be returned.
- Picasso painted Guernica. → Guernica was painted by Picasso.
- They will announce the results tomorrow. → The results will be announced tomorrow.
- Nobody has cleaned this room. → This room has not been cleaned.
- They were watching him. → He was being watched.
Страдательный залог разбирается в деталях на уровне B1 с интерактивными упражнениями.